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Rosa Luxemburg - перевод на Английский
![Barricade during the [[Spartacist uprising]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alfred Grohs zur Revolution 1918 1919 in Berlin Große Frankfurter Straße Ecke Lebuser Straße Barrikade Kampf während der Novemberrevolution in Berlin 02 Bildseite Schaulustige.jpg?width=200 "Barricade during the [[Spartacist uprising]]")
 - Luxemburg.jpg?width=200 "Grave of Rosa Luxemburg in Berlin")
![Spartacist]] leaders [[Karl Liebknecht]] and Rosa Luxemburg, commissioned by [[Eduard Fuchs]], leader of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] designed by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], built by [[Wilhelm Pieck]], and inaugurated on 13 June 1926, later destroyed by the Nazis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H29710, Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, Revolutionsdenkmal.jpg?width=200 "Spartacist]] leaders [[Karl Liebknecht]] and Rosa Luxemburg, commissioned by [[Eduard Fuchs]], leader of the [[Communist Party of Germany]] designed by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], built by [[Wilhelm Pieck]], and inaugurated on 13 June 1926, later destroyed by the Nazis")
![Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße]]''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/DSC08757 Frankfurt Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße Portrait.jpg?width=200 "Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße]]''")
![1919 photo of the graves of Luxemburg and [[Karl Liebknecht]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Grab liebknecht luxemburg.jpg?width=200 "1919 photo of the graves of Luxemburg and [[Karl Liebknecht]]")
![[[Stencil graffiti]] of Rosa Luxemburg on a portion of the [[Berlin Wall]] on display in [[Potsdamer Platz]] in Berlin whose title reads "I am a terrorist"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ich Bin Eine Terroristin.JPG?width=200 "[[Stencil graffiti]] of Rosa Luxemburg on a portion of the [[Berlin Wall]] on display in [[Potsdamer Platz]] in Berlin whose title reads \"I am a terrorist\"")
![[[German student movement]] in 1968](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ludwig Binder Haus der Geschichte Studentenrevolte 1968 2001 03 0275.0008 (16474725704).jpg?width=200 "[[German student movement]] in 1968")
![Rosa Luxemburg memorial at the site where her corpse was thrown into the [[Landwehr Canal]] in Berlin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/RosaLuxemburg2a.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Luxemburg memorial at the site where her corpse was thrown into the [[Landwehr Canal]] in Berlin")
![SPD]] party school in 1907](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spdparteischule1907.jpg?width=200 "SPD]] party school in 1907")
![Luxemburg's birthplace in [[Zamość]], Poland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Staszica 37 (Zamość).JPG?width=200 "Luxemburg's birthplace in [[Zamość]], Poland")
![Rosa Luxemburg (centre) among attendees of the [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CongresoDeLaInternacionalSocialistaEnAmsterdamEn1904-2.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Luxemburg (centre) among attendees of the [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]]")
![Rosa Luxemburg (centre) among leaders at the [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Роза Люксембург в президиуме II Интернационала.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Luxemburg (centre) among leaders at the [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]]")
![Rosa Luxemburg and [[Luise Kautsky]] in 1909](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa Luise 1909.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Luxemburg and [[Luise Kautsky]] in 1909")
![Rosa Luxemburg and [[Kostja Zetkin]] in 1909](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa Luxemburg and Kostja Zetkin in 1909.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Luxemburg and [[Kostja Zetkin]] in 1909")
![[[Clara Zetkin]] and Rosa Luxemburg in 1910](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zetkin luxemburg1910.jpg?width=200 "[[Clara Zetkin]] and Rosa Luxemburg in 1910")
 (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Rosa Parks {{circa}} 1978")
![Rosa Parks]]'' statue by [[Eugene Daub]] (2013), in [[National Statuary Hall]], United States Capitol](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa Parks statue NSHC.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Parks]]'' statue by [[Eugene Daub]] (2013), in [[National Statuary Hall]], United States Capitol")
![UPI]] reporter covering the event.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosaparks bus.jpg?width=200 "UPI]] reporter covering the event.")
![The Rosa Parks [[Congressional Gold Medal]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa Parks medal.gif?width=200 "The Rosa Parks [[Congressional Gold Medal]]")
![Parks and U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Bill Clinton presents Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the Oval Office.jpg?width=200 "Parks and U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]]")
![[[Rosa Parks Transit Center]] in [[Detroit]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa Parks Transit Center Detroit Michigan.JPG?width=200 "[[Rosa Parks Transit Center]] in [[Detroit]].")
![U.S. President Barack Obama]] sitting on the bus. Parks was arrested sitting in the same row Obama is in, but on the opposite side.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama in the Rosa Parks bus.jpg?width=200 "U.S. President Barack Obama]] sitting on the bus. Parks was arrested sitting in the same row Obama is in, but on the opposite side.")
![The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a [[GM "old-look" transit bus]], serial number 1132), is now a museum exhibit at the [[Henry Ford Museum]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rosa parks bus.jpg?width=200 "The No. 2857 bus on which Parks was riding before her arrest (a [[GM \"old-look\" transit bus]], serial number 1132), is now a museum exhibit at the [[Henry Ford Museum]].")
![Rosa Parks Railway Station]] in [[Paris]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gare Rosa Parks Paris 24.jpg?width=200 "Rosa Parks Railway Station]] in [[Paris]]")
![Luxembourg is part of the [[Schengen Area]], the EU single market, and the [[Eurozone]] (dark blue).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BlueEurozone.svg?width=200 "Luxembourg is part of the [[Schengen Area]], the EU single market, and the [[Eurozone]] (dark blue).")
![Luxembourg]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Centre Drosbach Luxembourg Signs - June 2012.jpg?width=200 "Luxembourg]]")
![Grand Tours]] in his cycling career.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charly Gaul 1959 (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Grand Tours]] in his cycling career.")
![The [[Court of Justice of the European Union]], seated in [[Luxembourg City]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EU Court of Justice overview.jpg?width=200 "The [[Court of Justice of the European Union]], seated in [[Luxembourg City]]")
![[[Edward Steichen]], photographer and painter](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edward Steichen.jpg?width=200 "[[Edward Steichen]], photographer and painter")
![Grund]] along [[Alzette]] river in the historical heart of Luxembourg City](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Grund, Luxembourg from wall above.jpg?width=200 "Grund]] along [[Alzette]] river in the historical heart of Luxembourg City")
![''[[Judd mat Gaardebounen]]'', served with boiled potatoes and [[Diekirch]] beer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JuddMatGaardebounen Beer.JPG?width=200 "''[[Judd mat Gaardebounen]]'', served with boiled potatoes and [[Diekirch]] beer")
![Luxembourg franc]] in two of the country's three languages: French (obverse, left) and Luxembourgish (reverse, right)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LUX-5f2.jpg?width=200 "Luxembourg franc]] in two of the country's three languages: French (obverse, left) and Luxembourgish (reverse, right)")
![Luxembourg's international airline [[Luxair]] is based at [[Luxembourg Airport]], the country's only international airport.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LUX Check-In Schalter.jpg?width=200 "Luxembourg's international airline [[Luxair]] is based at [[Luxembourg Airport]], the country's only international airport.")
![Luxembourg]], [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Dudelange]], and [[Differdange]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luxembourg2022OSM.png?width=200 "Luxembourg]], [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Dudelange]], and [[Differdange]].")
![Chamber of Deputies]], in [[Luxembourg City]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luxembourg City Chambre des députés Nov 2009.jpg?width=200 "Chamber of Deputies]], in [[Luxembourg City]]")
.svg?width=200 "Graphical depiction of Luxembourg's product exports in 2019")
![Notre-Dame Cathedral]], Luxembourg City](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Notre Dame Cathedral Luxembourg.JPG?width=200 "Notre-Dame Cathedral]], Luxembourg City")
![Grand Ducal Palace]] in [[Luxembourg City]], the official residence of the [[grand duke of Luxembourg]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palacio Gran Ducal de Luxemburgo.jpg?width=200 "Grand Ducal Palace]] in [[Luxembourg City]], the official residence of the [[grand duke of Luxembourg]]")
![communes]]. The main urban area, [[Luxembourg City]], is located in the south-center of the country](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Population density in Luxembourg.png?width=200 "communes]]. The main urban area, [[Luxembourg City]], is located in the south-center of the country")
![The [[University of Luxembourg]] is the only university based in the country.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/University luxemburg lmp main.jpg?width=200 "The [[University of Luxembourg]] is the only university based in the country.")
![Typical Luxembourg countryside near [[Alscheid]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vue op Alschent-001.JPG?width=200 "Typical Luxembourg countryside near [[Alscheid]]")
Определение
Википедия
Rosa Luxemburg (Polish: Róża Luksemburg [ˈruʐa ˈluksɛmburk] (listen); German: [ˈʁoːza ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk] (listen); born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, Marxist philosopher and anti-war activist.
Born and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. Successively, she was a member of the Proletariat party, the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), the Spartacus League (Spartakusbund), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
After the SPD supported German involvement in World War I in 1915, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League (Spartakusbund) which eventually became the KPD. During the November Revolution, she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag), the central organ of the Spartacist movement. Luxemburg considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 a blunder, but supported the attempted overthrow of the SPD-ruled Weimar Republic and rejected any attempt at a negotiated solution. Friedrich Ebert's SPD Cabinet crushed the revolt and the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps, government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World War I veterans of the Imperial German Army. Freikorps troops captured and assassinated Luxemburg and Liebknecht during the rebellion.
Due to her pointed criticism of both the Leninist and the more moderate social democratic schools of Marxism, Luxemburg has always had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left. Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolised as communist martyrs by the East German communist government. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BVS) asserts that idolization of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an important tradition of the 21st-century German far-left. Despite her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, opposition from the PPS due to her stance against the 1918 independence of the Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure in the present-day political discourse of the Third Polish Republic.
